International Relations (IR) is the study and practice of the interactions and relationships between sovereign states, as well as between non-state actors such as international organizations, multinational corporations, and non-governmental organizations. It encompasses various aspects of political, economic, social, and cultural exchanges and conflicts on a global scale. The field examines issues such as diplomacy, war, trade, human rights, and international law, seeking to understand the dynamics that shape interactions among countries and influences their behaviors in the international system. Scholars of international relations analyze historical events, theoretical frameworks, and current global challenges to explain and predict patterns of cooperation and conflict. Ultimately, the goal of international relations is to promote peace, security, and stability in the international community while addressing complex global issues that transcend national borders.
France and Portugal are proposing reciprocal tariffs on steel and aluminum in response to U.S. duties. This strategy is announced as part of a broader European effort to protect industries…